Legal Awareness for All

Cross- Examination in Civil Cases 1. Introduction 1.1 Definition of Cross Examination Did you know that the skill of cross-examination has always been a determining factor of how good an advocate is? It does not only help in extracting or deducing important facts from a witness but can actually make you win or lose a case. So, first a witness is subjected to examination, i.e. when a witness is brought with an objective of bringing forward the facts relevant to the case before the court. After this, he can be subjected to cross- examination by the opposite party. Section 137 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 provides that the examination of a witness by the adverse party shall be called his cross examination. The stage of cross examination comes after the stage of examination in chief which is done by the party who called the witness. Another stage of examination subsequent to cross examination is called as re-examination which is again done by the party who called the witness in order ...

An analysis on the addressal of intersectional oppression Discrimination of all types have prevailed at a global level since time immemorial. When multiple forms of discriminations take place due to interplay of two or more grounds based on identity, such as gender and disability, it is called intersectionality. There have been several legislative enactments to combat with the issue of discrimination. However, multiple discriminations lead to vast oppression and marginalization, and therefore, they have to be addressed specifically. What is intersectionality? The term “Intersectionality” was coined by Kimberle Williams Crenshaw, a civil right advocate, professor and philosopher. It is an analytical framework made to understand how the combination of a person’s social and political identities create different modes of privileges and discrimination. For example factors like gender, sexuality, race, nationality, physical appearance, social status, disability etc. The overlapping or int...